A refined circular flow model highlighting the roles of injections and withdrawals in determining national income and economic equilibrium.
households
Households: Provide labor and other factors of production to firms, receive factor payments, and consume goods and services.
firms
Firms: Pay households for resources and produce goods and services for household consumption.
banks
Banks: Receive savings from households (withdrawal) and lend to firms as investment (injection).
government
Government: Collects taxes from households (withdrawal) and injects spending into the economy.
abroad
Foreign Sector (Abroad): Imports are withdrawals; exports are injections into the circular flow.
Households receive factor payments (wages, rent, interest, profit) from firms in exchange for providing factors of production.
They spend income on domestically produced goods and services, completing the inner flow of income.
Withdrawals (leakages) remove income from the economy: net savings (to banks), net taxes (to the government), and import expenditure (to abroad).
Injections add income into the economy: investments (from banks), government spending, and export expenditure (from abroad).
If total injections equal total withdrawals, the economy is in equilibrium.
If injections exceed withdrawals, national income rises; if withdrawals exceed injections, national income falls.
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