Unit 4.8 - Measuring Development

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A category of land degradation leading to fertile land becoming desert due to human or natural processes.

Desertification

A category of single measure of economic development covering whether all citizens have access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern power.

Energy indicators

A category of single measure of economic development, using life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rates and spending on healthcare as a percentage of GDP.

Health indicators

A composite indicator that evaluates disparities in health, power, and employment opportunities among different sexes to assess development levels.

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

A country's capital investment expressed as a percentage of its national income; the higher it runs, the more likely future development becomes.

Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)

A measure assessing disparities based on the distribution of life expectancy and well-being data within a country.

Inequality of outcomes

A measurement indicating the value of goods and services consumed by an individual during a specific time frame.

Per capita consumption (PCC)

A statistical tool that measures the average level of well-being in society by factoring in disparities among individuals.

Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)

An environmental indicator measuring the pace of permanent tree and forest destruction.

Deforestation rate

An unweighted average of inequality across three dimensions of the HDI.

Coefficient of inequality

Measures evaluating economic development using factors related to schooling and literacy within a population.

Education indicators

Measures that assess economic growth based on ecological challenges affecting life quality.

Environmental indicators

The UNDP's composite measure of a country's progress, combining life expectancy, educational attainment and income at PPP with equal weights, scored between 0 and 1.

Human Development Index (HDI)

The average number of years a person in a country is expected to live.

Life expectancy at birth

The concept that actions aimed at increasing personal happiness lead to greater national well-being, while also considering sustainable development.

Utilitarian approach

The deviation of current conditions from a long-term average for climate data.

Temperature anomaly

The measure of how much impact an average individual has on their environment.

Ecological footprint

The number of births per 1,000 women aged between 15 and 19, used as an indicator of development.

Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR)

The number of deaths of mothers per 100,000 live births.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

The permanent destruction of trees and forests for alternative land uses.

Deforestation

The ratio indicating employed or job-seeking individuals among women aged 15 to 64.

Female labour market participation rate

The social and economic cost of inequality, representing the overall loss to human development.

The difference between the IHDI and HDI

State the formula: GDP per capita (GDP per capita)

GDP per capita = GDP / population GDP per capita = (Value of national output) / (Population)

State the formula: GNI per capita

GNI per capita = GNI / population Average income per person using national income (including net factor income from abroad) divided by the population.

State the formula: PCC

PCC = Total consumption / population Per capita consumption as the value of goods and services consumed per person over a given period.

State the formula: The Happy Planet Index (HPI)

HPI = (Well-being × Life expectancy × Inequality) / Ecological footprint The Happy Planet Index is calculated by multiplying well-being, life expectancy, and inequality of outcomes, and dividing by the ecological footprint.

Access to electricity

The percentage of a population that has access to electricity, which is essential for economic development and reflects the level of infrastructure and energy availability in a country.

Biodiversity

The variety of life in a particular habitat or ecosystem, which is crucial for maintaining ecological balance and can be impacted by human activities, influencing quality of life.

Climate change

Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities, which have significant impacts on ecosystems, economies, and human health.

Ecosystems

The communities of living things and their surroundings, whose loss alongside biodiversity is one of the environmental indicators used to measure development. These became commonplace after the first Earth Summit.

Gender Development Index

A ratio comparing the Human Development Index calculated separately for women and for men, so a value near 1 means the sexes score alike. Distinct from the Gender Inequality Index, which scores reproductive health, empowerment and labour force participation.

Gender Development Index (GDI)

A composite measure that reflects gender disparities in development, comparing the Human Development Index (HDI) with the Gender Inequality Index. It highlights how improvements in gender equality can influence overall development rankings, as seen in countries like Japan and Finland.

Global warming

The long-term increase in Earth's average surface temperature due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which leads to climate change and affects environmental conditions.

Healthcare expenditure (% of GDP)

The percentage of a country's GDP that is spent on healthcare, which often correlates with the quality of healthcare services and overall health outcomes, impacting life expectancy.

Mean years of schooling

An average measure of the number of years of education received by people in a specific age group, which serves as an indicator of educational attainment and is crucial for economic development.

PPP

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is an exchange rate that equates the price of a basket of goods and services in different countries, allowing for more accurate comparisons of living standards and economic productivity across nations.

Recycling rate

The percentage of waste that is recycled, which indicates how effectively a society manages its waste and contributes to environmental sustainability.

SDGs

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global goals established by the United Nations to address various social, economic, and environmental challenges, aiming for peace and prosperity by 2030.

Under-five mortality rate

A measure indicating the number of deaths of children under five years old per 1,000 live births, which reflects the overall health and quality of healthcare in a country, influencing its development status.

economic inequality indicators

Indicators that measure the distribution of income and wealth within a population, highlighting disparities and helping to inform policies aimed at reducing inequality.

empowerment

The second dimension of the Gender Inequality Index, empowerment is determined by indicators such as the share of parliamentary seats held by each gender and levels of higher education attainment. It influences women's participation in governance and education.

environmental degradation

The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources and pollution, which is not accounted for in the Human Development Index. It highlights the negative externalities of economic growth on sustainability.

female labour force participation rate

The percentage of women aged over 15 and below 64 who are employed or willing to work. It is an important element of the Gender Inequality Index, indicating the relationship between female participation in the labor market and economic development.

infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births, used as an indicator of healthcare quality and of a country's development more broadly.

labour market participation

The share of the working-age population either employed or actively seeking work. It is one of three dimensions scored by the Gender Inequality Index, alongside reproductive health and empowerment.

municipal solid waste (MSW)

Waste generated by households and businesses, often improperly managed, leading to significant environmental challenges and unsustainable practices worldwide.

reproductive health

The first of the three dimensions of the Gender Inequality Index, measured by the Maternal Mortality Ratio and the Adolescent Fertility Rate. The other two dimensions are empowerment and labour market participation.

Asian Tigers

A group of economies in East Asia, including South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore, noted for their rapid economic growth and development in the late 20th century, primarily due to their export-oriented strategies.

Export-oriented growth

An economic strategy adopted by countries like Japan and the Asian Tigers, focusing on increasing exports and leveraging human and physical capital to achieve economic development and growth.

Industrial Revolution

A significant period of economic change beginning in the nineteenth century, marked by unprecedented levels of economic prosperity in countries like the United Kingdom, Germany, and the USA, driven by self-interest and the emergence of self-regulating markets.

Westernization

A term often associated with the concept of economic development, indicating the adoption of Western ideas, practices, and values, particularly in the context of modernization and industrialization.

modernization

The concept of economic development that has evolved over time, often linked to processes like Westernization and industrialization, reflecting changes in societal structures and economic practices since the mid-20th century.

development

A multidimensional process that encompasses more than just economic growth, including qualitative factors like poverty reduction, income inequality, and improvements in quality of life.

development ethics

A framework proposed by Denis Goulet that emphasizes three core values—sustenance, self-esteem, and freedom—as essential for achieving economic development and addressing social objectives.

freedom

A core value in development ethics that emphasizes the importance of individuals having the right to live free from hunger, illness, and social stigma, contributing to a fulfilling life.

multidimensional

A concept that refers to the various qualitative factors influencing development, necessitating changes in social structures and attitudes alongside economic growth.

quality of life

A multidimensional concept that encompasses various qualitative factors such as poverty reduction, income and gender inequality, and political freedoms, which contribute to overall well-being beyond mere economic growth.

self-esteem

A core value in development ethics highlighting the importance of individuals' self-worth and dignity in the pursuit of economic development and social goals.

sustenance

One of the three core values in development ethics, referring to the basic needs and resources necessary for survival and well-being in the context of economic development.

A statistical measure used to assess one aspect of a country’s level of economic development.

single indicator of development

An average income measure that includes earnings from abroad, divided by the population.

gross national income per capita

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

life expectancy

The percentage of people who can read and write.

literacy rates

The statistic reflecting the number of deaths of newborns within their first year per thousand live births.

infant mortality

The total value of a country's final output plus net income from abroad, divided by its population.

GNI per capita

poverty rates

A measure indicating the percentage of the population living below a defined poverty line, which helps assess economic development and social conditions in a country. It highlights issues related to income inequality and access to basic needs.

A category of single measure of economic development that tracks global warming, ozone depletion, desertification, deforestation, waste disposal and loss of biodiversity.

environment indicators

The concept that encompasses both growth and qualitative aspects affecting quality of life.

Economic development

State the formula: Economic growth rate ≈ % change in real GDP per capita over time

Economic growth rate ≈ % change in real GDP per capita over time Quantifies the change in real GDP per person between two periods as a percentage.

Productivity

The efficiency of production, often linked to economic growth through technological advancements. While higher productivity can lead to economic growth, it does not always translate into improved living standards for the majority, as growth can sometimes result in negative consequences.

political oppression

A condition where individuals or groups are subjected to unjust treatment by the government or authorities, which negatively impacts quality of life and is considered a qualitative indicator of economic development. It highlights the broader aspects of well-being beyond mere economic growth.

quantitative measures

Indicators that provide numerical data to assess economic growth, such as GDP. These measures are essential for understanding economic well-being but are complemented by qualitative indicators for a fuller picture of development.

technological unemployment

Job loss resulting from the increased use of technology and automation in production processes, which can lead to economic growth without corresponding improvements in overall economic development. It illustrates the potential negative consequences of technological advancement on employment.